Guidelines for Initiating Events and Independent Protection Layers in Layer of Protection Analysis

This book will address how the fields of Human ReliabilityAnalysis, Fault Tree Analysis, Inherent Safety, Audits andAssessments, Maintenance, and Emergency Response relate to LOPA andSIS. 

The book will separate IPL's into categories such as thefollowing:

1. Inherent Safety
   • eliminates a scenario or fundamentally reduces a hazard
2. Preventive/Proactive
   • prevents initiating event from occurring such as enhancedmaintenance
3. Preventive/Active
   • stops chain of events after initiating event occurs but beforean incident has occurred such as high level in a tank shutting offthe pump.
4. Mitigation (active or passive)
   • minimizes impact once an incident has occurred such as closingblock valves once LEL is detected in the dike (active) or the dikepreventing contamination of groundwater (passive).